Every power project, whether it's a factory, solar farm or substation, needs switchgear - including widely‑used 22 kV switchgear - to keep the power system safe and organized. Many new buyers and site workers struggle to tell the difference between LV, MV and HV switchgear, and they often pick the wrong type for their project. This article explains all types of switchgear in simple English. We will cover basic definitions, voltage classes, key features, common applications, and practical selection tips for real power jobs.
What Is Switchgear? A Quick Definition
Switchgear is a set of combined electrical equipment used to control and protect power systems. It mainly includes circuit breakers, disconnecting switches, and fuses. This equipment has two core jobs. First, it lets workers safely turn power on and off for daily operation. Second, it cuts off power right away when overloads or short-circuit faults happen. This stops cables and electrical devices from getting damaged. Simply put, every stable and safe power distribution system depends on standard switchgear.
Types of Switchgear by Voltage: LV, MV and HV
People classify types of switchgear mainly based on working voltage. There are three standard categories used in global power projects, and each one serves different power levels and scenarios.
Table 1. Switchgear types by voltage class
|
Switchgear Type |
Voltage Range |
General Use |
|
LV (Low Voltage) |
Below 1kV |
End-user power distribution, daily building and factory power supply |
|
MV (Medium Voltage) |
1kV to 36kV |
Factory power rooms, solar stations, municipal distribution networks |
|
HV (High Voltage) |
Above 36kV |
Power transmission and large substation power delivery |
Low Voltage and Medium Voltage Switchgear: Features and Applications
LV and MV switchgear are the two most common types on most construction sites. They look similar but have clear differences in structure and working purpose.
Table 2. LV vs MV switchgear comparison
|
Item |
LV Switchgear |
MV Switchgear |
|
Structure |
Simple design, compact and easy to install |
More robust structure, stronger insulation and safety protection |
|
Main Scenarios |
MCC motor control centers, office buildings, residential areas, small factory equipment power supply |
Large industrial plants, solar and wind farms, municipal power distribution rooms |
|
Features |
Focus on terminal power distribution, low maintenance cost |
Handles higher power load, supports long-term stable operation |
To make it simple: LV switchgear is for final power supply to regular devices, while MV switchgear works as the main power control hub for entire factories and new energy projects.
High Voltage Switchgear: AIS vs GIS
HV switchgear is used for long-distance power transmission and large substations. It handles very high voltage, so insulation safety is the top priority. There are two mainstream types: AIS and GIS.
AIS (Air Insulated Switchgear) uses regular air for insulation. It has a simple structure and lower cost. It is easy to repair and maintain. The only downside is that it needs a large installation area, so it is usually used for spacious outdoor substations.
GIS (Gas Insulated Switchgear) seals all core live parts inside a gas-filled metal tank. It is very compact, dust-proof and weather-resistant. It works well for narrow spaces, coastal areas and high-standard power transmission projects. But it costs more and needs professional maintenance.
How Is Switchgear Used in a Substation and How to Choose?
Switchgear in substation systems acts as the core control and protection unit. HV switchgear handles incoming power and long-distance transmission. MV switchgear distributes power to industrial and urban power grids. LV switchgear finally delivers stable power to end devices. All three types work together to make the whole substation system run safely and smoothly.
When you choose switchgear for your project, do not just compare prices. First, confirm your project voltage level to pick LV, MV, or HV type. Second, check your site environment - choose AIS or GIS for substations based on space and weather conditions. Third, match the equipment load capacity with your actual power demand, and leave room for future system upgrades.
If you are not sure which switchgear fits your substation layout, site conditions and budget, just share your project details with us. LVMA's professional electrical engineers can give you simple, practical selection advice and provide a full equipment quotation.
About us
Zhejiang Lvma Electric Co., Ltd., founded in 2018, integrates 17 years of industry expertise. ISO 9001:2015 certified, we specialize in intelligent switchgear systems and oil-immersed and dry-type distribution transformers, exporting to Europe, the Middle East, South America, Southeast Asia, and Africa.
With over 40 patents, our R&D team drives innovation from conventional manufacturing toward smart energy solutions. Digitalized production and real-time monitoring ensure each product delivers reliable performance and operational safety.